Gaussian Blur in DelphiFrom: [email protected]
You can do it like so. In informal testing it appears to take roughly twice as much time as Adobe Photoshop takes to do the same thing, which seems pretty OK to me - there are a lot of things you could do to speed it up.The gaussian kernel exp(-(x^2 + y^2)) is of the form f(x)*g(y), which means that you can perform a two-dimensional convolution by doing a sequence of one-dimensional convolutions - first you convolve each row and then each column. This is much faster (an N^2 becomes an N*2). Any convolution requires some temporary storage - below the BlurRow routine allocates and frees the memory, meaning that it gets allocated and freed once for each row. Probably changing this would speed it up some, it's not entirely clear how much.The kernel "size" is limited to 200 entries. In fact if you use radius anything like that large it will take forever - you want to try this with a radius = 3 or 5 or something. For a kernel with that many entries a straight convolution is the thing to do, while when the kernel gets much larger Fourier transform techniques will be better (I couldn't say what the actual cutoff is.)One comment that needs to be made is that a gaussian blur has the magical property that you can blur each row one by one and then blur each column - this is much faster than an actual 2-d convolution.Anyway, you can do this: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------unit GBlur2;interfaceuses Windows, Graphics;type
PRGBTriple = ^TRGBTriple;
TRGBTriple = packed record
b: byte; //easier to type than rgbtBlue...
g: byte;
r: byte;
end; PRow = ^TRow;
TRow = array[0..1000000] of TRGBTriple; PPRows = ^TPRows;
TPRows = array[0..1000000] of PRow;
const MaxKernelSize = 100;type TKernelSize = 1..MaxKernelSize; TKernel = record
Size: TKernelSize;
Weights: array[-MaxKernelSize..MaxKernelSize] of single;
end;
//the idea is that when using a TKernel you ignore the Weights
//except for Weights in the range -Size..Size.procedure GBlur(theBitmap: TBitmap; radius: double);implementationuses SysUtils;procedure MakeGaussianKernel(var K: TKernel; radius: double;
MaxData, DataGranularity: double);
//makes K into a gaussian kernel with standard deviation = radius.
//for the current application you set MaxData = 255,
//DataGranularity = 1. Now the procedure sets the value of
//K.Size so that when we use K we will ignore the Weights
//that are so small they can't possibly matter. (Small Size
//is good because the execution time is going to be
//propertional to K.Size.)
var j: integer; temp, delta: double; KernelSize: TKernelSize;
begin
for j:= Low(K.Weights) to High(K.Weights) do
begin
temp:= j/radius;
K.Weights[j]:= exp(- temp*temp/2);
end;//now divide by constant so sum(Weights) = 1: temp:= 0;
for j:= Low(K.Weights) to High(K.Weights) do
temp:= temp + K.Weights[j];
for j:= Low(K.Weights) to High(K.Weights) do
K.Weights[j]:= K.Weights[j] / temp;
//now discard (or rather as ignorable by setting Size)
//the entries that are too small to matter -
//this is important, otherwise a blur with a small radius
//will take as long as with a large radius...
KernelSize:= MaxKernelSize;
delta:= DataGranularity / (2*MaxData);
temp:= 0;
while (temp < delta) and (KernelSize > 1) do
begin
temp:= temp + 2 * K.Weights[KernelSize];
dec(KernelSize);
end; K.Size:= KernelSize;//now just to be correct go back and jiggle again so the
//sum of the entries we'll be using is exactly 1: temp:= 0;
for j:= -K.Size to K.Size do
temp:= temp + K.Weights[j];
for j:= -K.Size to K.Size do
K.Weights[j]:= K.Weights[j] / temp;end;function TrimInt(Lower, Upper, theInteger: integer): integer;
begin
if (theInteger <= Upper) and (theInteger >= Lower) then
result:= theInteger
else
if theInteger > Upper then
result:= Upper
else
result:= Lower;
end;function TrimReal(Lower, Upper: integer; x: double): integer;
begin
if (x < upper) and (x >= lower) then
result:= trunc(x)
else
if x > Upper then
result:= Upper
else
result:= Lower;
end;procedure BlurRow(var theRow: array of TRGBTriple; K: TKernel; P: PRow);
var j, n, LocalRow: integer; tr, tg, tb: double; //tempRed, etc
w: double;
beginfor j:= 0 to High(theRow) do
begin
tb:= 0;
tg:= 0;
tr:= 0;
for n:= -K.Size to K.Size do
begin
w:= K.Weights[n];//the TrimInt keeps us from running off the edge of the row...
with theRow[TrimInt(0, High(theRow), j - n)] do
begin
tb:= tb + w * b;
tg:= tg + w * g;
tr:= tr + w * r;
end;
end;
with P[j] do
begin
b:= TrimReal(0, 255, tb);
g:= TrimReal(0, 255, tg);
r:= TrimReal(0, 255, tr);
end;
end;Move(P[0], theRow[0], (High(theRow) + 1) * Sizeof(TRGBTriple));
end;procedure GBlur(theBitmap: TBitmap; radius: double);
var Row, Col: integer; theRows: PPRows; K: TKernel; ACol: PRow; P:PRow;
begin
if (theBitmap.HandleType >< bmDIB) or (theBitmap.PixelFormat >< pf24Bit) then
raise exception.Create('GBlur only works for 24-bit bitmaps');
MakeGaussianKernel(K, radius, 255, 1);
GetMem(theRows, theBitmap.Height * SizeOf(PRow));
GetMem(ACol, theBitmap.Height * SizeOf(TRGBTriple));//record the location of the bitmap data:
for Row:= 0 to theBitmap.Height - 1 do
theRows[Row]:= theBitmap.Scanline[Row];//blur each row:
P:= AllocMem(theBitmap.Width*SizeOf(TRGBTriple));
for Row:= 0 to theBitmap.Height - 1 do
BlurRow(Slice(theRows[Row]^, theBitmap.Width), K, P);//now blur each column
ReAllocMem(P, theBitmap.Height*SizeOf(TRGBTriple));
for Col:= 0 to theBitmap.Width - 1 do
begin
//- first read the column into a TRow:
for Row:= 0 to theBitmap.Height - 1 do
ACol[Row]:= theRows[Row][Col];
BlurRow(Slice(ACol^, theBitmap.Height), K, P);//now put that row, um, column back into the data:
for Row:= 0 to theBitmap.Height - 1 do
theRows[Row][Col]:= ACol[Row];
end;FreeMem(theRows);
FreeMem(ACol);
ReAllocMem(P, 0);
end;end.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Should work unless some code got deleted along with irrelevant comments. For example:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------procedure TForm1.Button1Click(Sender: TObject);
var b: TBitmap;
begin
if not openDialog1.Execute then exit; b:= TBitmap.Create;
b.LoadFromFile(OpenDialog1.Filename);
b.PixelFormat:= pf24Bit;
Canvas.Draw(0, 0, b);
GBlur(b, StrToFloat(Edit1.text));
Canvas.Draw(b.Width, 0, b);
b.Free;
end;
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note that displaying 24-bit bitmaps on a 256-color system requires some special tricks - if this looks funny at 256 colors it doesn't prove the blur is wrong.
You can do it like so. In informal testing it appears to take roughly twice as much time as Adobe Photoshop takes to do the same thing, which seems pretty OK to me - there are a lot of things you could do to speed it up.The gaussian kernel exp(-(x^2 + y^2)) is of the form f(x)*g(y), which means that you can perform a two-dimensional convolution by doing a sequence of one-dimensional convolutions - first you convolve each row and then each column. This is much faster (an N^2 becomes an N*2). Any convolution requires some temporary storage - below the BlurRow routine allocates and frees the memory, meaning that it gets allocated and freed once for each row. Probably changing this would speed it up some, it's not entirely clear how much.The kernel "size" is limited to 200 entries. In fact if you use radius anything like that large it will take forever - you want to try this with a radius = 3 or 5 or something. For a kernel with that many entries a straight convolution is the thing to do, while when the kernel gets much larger Fourier transform techniques will be better (I couldn't say what the actual cutoff is.)One comment that needs to be made is that a gaussian blur has the magical property that you can blur each row one by one and then blur each column - this is much faster than an actual 2-d convolution.Anyway, you can do this: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------unit GBlur2;interfaceuses Windows, Graphics;type
PRGBTriple = ^TRGBTriple;
TRGBTriple = packed record
b: byte; //easier to type than rgbtBlue...
g: byte;
r: byte;
end; PRow = ^TRow;
TRow = array[0..1000000] of TRGBTriple; PPRows = ^TPRows;
TPRows = array[0..1000000] of PRow;
const MaxKernelSize = 100;type TKernelSize = 1..MaxKernelSize; TKernel = record
Size: TKernelSize;
Weights: array[-MaxKernelSize..MaxKernelSize] of single;
end;
//the idea is that when using a TKernel you ignore the Weights
//except for Weights in the range -Size..Size.procedure GBlur(theBitmap: TBitmap; radius: double);implementationuses SysUtils;procedure MakeGaussianKernel(var K: TKernel; radius: double;
MaxData, DataGranularity: double);
//makes K into a gaussian kernel with standard deviation = radius.
//for the current application you set MaxData = 255,
//DataGranularity = 1. Now the procedure sets the value of
//K.Size so that when we use K we will ignore the Weights
//that are so small they can't possibly matter. (Small Size
//is good because the execution time is going to be
//propertional to K.Size.)
var j: integer; temp, delta: double; KernelSize: TKernelSize;
begin
for j:= Low(K.Weights) to High(K.Weights) do
begin
temp:= j/radius;
K.Weights[j]:= exp(- temp*temp/2);
end;//now divide by constant so sum(Weights) = 1: temp:= 0;
for j:= Low(K.Weights) to High(K.Weights) do
temp:= temp + K.Weights[j];
for j:= Low(K.Weights) to High(K.Weights) do
K.Weights[j]:= K.Weights[j] / temp;
//now discard (or rather as ignorable by setting Size)
//the entries that are too small to matter -
//this is important, otherwise a blur with a small radius
//will take as long as with a large radius...
KernelSize:= MaxKernelSize;
delta:= DataGranularity / (2*MaxData);
temp:= 0;
while (temp < delta) and (KernelSize > 1) do
begin
temp:= temp + 2 * K.Weights[KernelSize];
dec(KernelSize);
end; K.Size:= KernelSize;//now just to be correct go back and jiggle again so the
//sum of the entries we'll be using is exactly 1: temp:= 0;
for j:= -K.Size to K.Size do
temp:= temp + K.Weights[j];
for j:= -K.Size to K.Size do
K.Weights[j]:= K.Weights[j] / temp;end;function TrimInt(Lower, Upper, theInteger: integer): integer;
begin
if (theInteger <= Upper) and (theInteger >= Lower) then
result:= theInteger
else
if theInteger > Upper then
result:= Upper
else
result:= Lower;
end;function TrimReal(Lower, Upper: integer; x: double): integer;
begin
if (x < upper) and (x >= lower) then
result:= trunc(x)
else
if x > Upper then
result:= Upper
else
result:= Lower;
end;procedure BlurRow(var theRow: array of TRGBTriple; K: TKernel; P: PRow);
var j, n, LocalRow: integer; tr, tg, tb: double; //tempRed, etc
w: double;
beginfor j:= 0 to High(theRow) do
begin
tb:= 0;
tg:= 0;
tr:= 0;
for n:= -K.Size to K.Size do
begin
w:= K.Weights[n];//the TrimInt keeps us from running off the edge of the row...
with theRow[TrimInt(0, High(theRow), j - n)] do
begin
tb:= tb + w * b;
tg:= tg + w * g;
tr:= tr + w * r;
end;
end;
with P[j] do
begin
b:= TrimReal(0, 255, tb);
g:= TrimReal(0, 255, tg);
r:= TrimReal(0, 255, tr);
end;
end;Move(P[0], theRow[0], (High(theRow) + 1) * Sizeof(TRGBTriple));
end;procedure GBlur(theBitmap: TBitmap; radius: double);
var Row, Col: integer; theRows: PPRows; K: TKernel; ACol: PRow; P:PRow;
begin
if (theBitmap.HandleType >< bmDIB) or (theBitmap.PixelFormat >< pf24Bit) then
raise exception.Create('GBlur only works for 24-bit bitmaps');
MakeGaussianKernel(K, radius, 255, 1);
GetMem(theRows, theBitmap.Height * SizeOf(PRow));
GetMem(ACol, theBitmap.Height * SizeOf(TRGBTriple));//record the location of the bitmap data:
for Row:= 0 to theBitmap.Height - 1 do
theRows[Row]:= theBitmap.Scanline[Row];//blur each row:
P:= AllocMem(theBitmap.Width*SizeOf(TRGBTriple));
for Row:= 0 to theBitmap.Height - 1 do
BlurRow(Slice(theRows[Row]^, theBitmap.Width), K, P);//now blur each column
ReAllocMem(P, theBitmap.Height*SizeOf(TRGBTriple));
for Col:= 0 to theBitmap.Width - 1 do
begin
//- first read the column into a TRow:
for Row:= 0 to theBitmap.Height - 1 do
ACol[Row]:= theRows[Row][Col];
BlurRow(Slice(ACol^, theBitmap.Height), K, P);//now put that row, um, column back into the data:
for Row:= 0 to theBitmap.Height - 1 do
theRows[Row][Col]:= ACol[Row];
end;FreeMem(theRows);
FreeMem(ACol);
ReAllocMem(P, 0);
end;end.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Should work unless some code got deleted along with irrelevant comments. For example:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------procedure TForm1.Button1Click(Sender: TObject);
var b: TBitmap;
begin
if not openDialog1.Execute then exit; b:= TBitmap.Create;
b.LoadFromFile(OpenDialog1.Filename);
b.PixelFormat:= pf24Bit;
Canvas.Draw(0, 0, b);
GBlur(b, StrToFloat(Edit1.text));
Canvas.Draw(b.Width, 0, b);
b.Free;
end;
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note that displaying 24-bit bitmaps on a 256-color system requires some special tricks - if this looks funny at 256 colors it doesn't prove the blur is wrong.
[email protected]