在先等待struts2报错

Question

严重: Exception starting filter struts2
jar:file:/E:/Apache%20Software%20Foundation/Tomcat%206.0/webapps/GuestBook2/WEB-INF/lib/struts2-core-2.1.2.jar!/struts-default.xml:300:76
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.config.providers.XmlConfigurationProvider.loadConfigurationFiles(XmlConfigurationProvider.java:791)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.config.providers.XmlConfigurationProvider.loadDocuments(XmlConfigurationProvider.java:132)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.config.providers.XmlConfigurationProvider.init(XmlConfigurationProvider.java:100)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.config.impl.DefaultConfiguration.reload(DefaultConfiguration.java:130)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.config.ConfigurationManager.getConfiguration(ConfigurationManager.java:52)
at org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.Dispatcher.init_PreloadConfiguration(Dispatcher.java:398)
at org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.Dispatcher.init(Dispatcher.java:455)
at org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.FilterDispatcher.init(FilterDispatcher.java:201)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterConfig.getFilter(ApplicationFilterConfig.java:275)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterConfig.setFilterDef(ApplicationFilterConfig.java:397)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterConfig.<init>(ApplicationFilterConfig.java:108)
at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext.filterStart(StandardContext.java:3709)
at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext.start(StandardContext.java:4356)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.addChildInternal(ContainerBase.java:791)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.addChild(ContainerBase.java:771)
at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardHost.addChild(StandardHost.java:525)
at org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig.deployDirectory(HostConfig.java:924)
at org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig.deployDirectories(HostConfig.java:887)
at org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig.deployApps(HostConfig.java:492)
at org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig.start(HostConfig.java:1147)
at org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig.lifecycleEvent(HostConfig.java:311)
at org.apache.catalina.util.LifecycleSupport.fireLifecycleEvent(LifecycleSupport.java:117)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.start(ContainerBase.java:1053)
at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardHost.start(StandardHost.java:719)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.start(ContainerBase.java:1045)
at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngine.start(StandardEngine.java:443)
at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardService.start(StandardService.java:516)
at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardServer.start(StandardServer.java:710)
at org.apache.catalina.startup.Catalina.start(Catalina.java:578)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(Unknown Source)
at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(Unknown Source)
at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Unknown Source)
at org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap.start(Bootstrap.java:288)
at org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap.main(Bootstrap.java:413)
Caused by: Element type "default-class-ref" must be declared. - jar:file:/E:/Apache%20Software%20Foundation/Tomcat%206.0/webapps/GuestBook2/WEB-INF/lib/struts2-core-2.1.2.jar!/struts-default.xml:300:76
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.DomHelper.parse(DomHelper.java:123)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.config.providers.XmlConfigurationProvider.loadConfigurationFiles(XmlConfigurationProvider.java:786)
... 34 more
Caused by: org.xml.sax.SAXParseException: Element type "default-class-ref" must be declared.
at com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.util.ErrorHandlerWrapper.createSAXParseException(Unknown Source)
at com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.util.ErrorHandlerWrapper.error(Unknown Source)
at com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.impl.XMLErrorReporter.reportError(Unknown Source)
at com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.impl.XMLErrorReporter.reportError(Unknown Source)
at com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.impl.dtd.XMLDTDValidator.handleStartElement(Unknown Source)
at com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.impl.dtd.XMLDTDValidator.emptyElement(Unknown Source)
at com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.impl.XMLNSDocumentScannerImpl.scanStartElement(Unknown Source)
at com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.impl.XMLDocumentFragmentScannerImpl$FragmentContentDispatcher.dispatch(Unknown Source)
at com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.impl.XMLDocumentFragmentScannerImpl.scanDocument(Unknown Source)
at com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.parsers.XML11Configuration.parse(Unknown Source)
at com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.parsers.XML11Configuration.parse(Unknown Source)
at com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.parsers.XMLParser.parse(Unknown Source)
at com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.parsers.AbstractSAXParser.parse(Unknown Source)
at javax.xml.parsers.SAXParser.parse(Unknown Source)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.DomHelper.parse(DomHelper.java:121)
... 35 more
2008-10-10 11:51:59 org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext start
严重: Error filterStart
2008-10-10 11:51:59 org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext start
严重: Context [/GuestBook2] startup failed due to previous errors
2008-10-10 11:52:00 org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11Protocol start
信息: Starting Coyote HTTP/1.1 on http-8088
2008-10-10 11:52:00 org.apache.jk.common.ChannelSocket init
信息: JK: ajp13 listening on /0.0.0.0:8009
2008-10-10 11:52:00 org.apache.jk.server.JkMain start
信息: Jk running ID=0 time=0/70  config=null
2008-10-10 11:52:00 org.apache.catalina.startup.Catalina start
信息: Server startup in 14559 ms

Answer 1

是不是少了这个struts2-core-2.1.2.jar包

Answer 2

struts2可能依赖common一系列的jar包，加入他们试试。
如果还不行，那就换一个tomcat和jre环境试试。

Answer 3

struts2-core-2.1.2.jar之外还有struts2-core-x.x.x.jar吗，找一下，删除一下

Answer 4

struts2  2.1.2 版本包不是很稳定， 有冲突， 可以试试2.0.11

Answer 5

5楼说得对，试了一下，下面的这对组合没有问题：
            <dependency>
<groupId>org.apache.struts</groupId>
<artifactId>struts2-core</artifactId>
<version>2.0.12</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>com.opensymphony</groupId>
<artifactId>xwork</artifactId>
<version>2.0.7</version>
</dependency>