使用左向外联接 假设在 city 列上联接 authors 表和 publishers 表。结果只显示在出版商所在城市居住的作者(本例中为 Abraham Bennet 和 Cheryl Carson)。若要在结果中包括所有的作者,而不管出版商是否住在同一个城市,请使用 SQL-92 左向外联接。下面是 Transact-SQL 左向外联接的查询和结果:USE pubs SELECT a.au_fname, a.au_lname, p.pub_name FROM authors a LEFT OUTER JOIN publishers p ON a.city = p.city ORDER BY p.pub_name ASC, a.au_lname ASC, a.au_fname ASC下面是结果集:au_fname au_lname pub_name -------------------- ------------------------------ ----------------- Reginald Blotchet-Halls NULL Michel DeFrance NULL Innes del Castillo NULL Ann Dull NULL Marjorie Green NULL Morningstar Greene NULL Burt Gringlesby NULL Sheryl Hunter NULL Livia Karsen NULL Charlene Locksley NULL Stearns MacFeather NULL Heather McBadden NULL Michael O'Leary NULL Sylvia Panteley NULL Albert Ringer NULL Anne Ringer NULL Meander Smith NULL Dean Straight NULL Dirk Stringer NULL Johnson White NULL Akiko Yokomoto NULL Abraham Bennet Algodata Infosystems Cheryl Carson Algodata Infosystems(23 row(s) affected)不管是否与 publishers 表中的 city 列匹配,LEFT OUTER JOIN 均会在结果中包含 authors 表的所有行。注意:结果中所列的大多数作者都没有相匹配的数据,因此,这些行的 pub_name 列包含空值。
使用右向外联接 假设在 city 列上联接 authors 表和 publishers 表。结果只显示在出版商所在城市居住的作者(本例中为 Abraham Bennet 和 Cheryl Carson)。SQL-92 右向外联接运算符 RIGHT OUTER JOIN 指明:不管第一个表中是否有匹配的数据,结果将包含第二个表中的所有行。若要在结果中包括所有的出版商,而不管城市中是否还有出版商居住,请使用 SQL-92 右向外联接。下面是 Transact-SQL 右向外联接的查询和结果:USE pubs SELECT a.au_fname, a.au_lname, p.pub_name FROM authors AS a RIGHT OUTER JOIN publishers AS p ON a.city = p.city ORDER BY p.pub_name ASC, a.au_lname ASC, a.au_fname ASC下面是结果集:au_fname au_lname pub_name -------------------- ------------------------ -------------------- Abraham Bennet Algodata Infosystems Cheryl Carson Algodata Infosystems NULL NULL Binnet & Hardley NULL NULL Five Lakes Publishing NULL NULL GGG&G NULL NULL Lucerne Publishing NULL NULL New Moon Books NULL NULL Ramona Publishers NULL NULL Scootney Books(9 row(s) affected)使用谓词(如将联接与常量比较)可以进一步限制外联接。下例包含相同的右向外联接,但消除销售量低于 50 本的书籍的书名:USE pubs SELECT s.stor_id, s.qty, t.title FROM sales s RIGHT OUTER JOIN titles t ON s.title_id = t.title_id AND s.qty > 50 ORDER BY s.stor_id ASC下面是结果集:stor_id qty title ------- ------ --------------------------------------------------------- (null) (null) But Is It User Friendly? (null) (null) Computer Phobic AND Non-Phobic Individuals: Behavior Variations (null) (null) Cooking with Computers: Surreptitious Balance Sheets (null) (null) Emotional Security: A New Algorithm (null) (null) Fifty Years in Buckingham Palace Kitchens 7066 75 Is Anger the Enemy? (null) (null) Life Without Fear (null) (null) Net Etiquette (null) (null) Onions, Leeks, and Garlic: Cooking Secrets of the Mediterranean (null) (null) Prolonged Data Deprivation: Four Case Studies (null) (null) Secrets of Silicon Valley (null) (null) Silicon Valley Gastronomic Treats (null) (null) Straight Talk About Computers (null) (null) Sushi, Anyone? (null) (null) The Busy Executive's Database Guide (null) (null) The Gourmet Microwave (null) (null) The Psychology of Computer Cooking (null) (null) You Can Combat Computer Stress!
外联可以完全使用一个表的全部数据,那个找不到的使用null 来代替。
问题没有答到点子上,
我要问的是区别,
而且是用with语句可不可以等效?使用with语句算什么连接呢?
各位大仙:分不是这么好拿的。各位再想想办法好吧?
假设在 city 列上联接 authors 表和 publishers 表。结果只显示在出版商所在城市居住的作者(本例中为 Abraham Bennet 和 Cheryl Carson)。若要在结果中包括所有的作者,而不管出版商是否住在同一个城市,请使用 SQL-92 左向外联接。下面是 Transact-SQL 左向外联接的查询和结果:USE pubs
SELECT a.au_fname, a.au_lname, p.pub_name
FROM authors a LEFT OUTER JOIN publishers p
ON a.city = p.city
ORDER BY p.pub_name ASC, a.au_lname ASC, a.au_fname ASC下面是结果集:au_fname au_lname pub_name
-------------------- ------------------------------ -----------------
Reginald Blotchet-Halls NULL
Michel DeFrance NULL
Innes del Castillo NULL
Ann Dull NULL
Marjorie Green NULL
Morningstar Greene NULL
Burt Gringlesby NULL
Sheryl Hunter NULL
Livia Karsen NULL
Charlene Locksley NULL
Stearns MacFeather NULL
Heather McBadden NULL
Michael O'Leary NULL
Sylvia Panteley NULL
Albert Ringer NULL
Anne Ringer NULL
Meander Smith NULL
Dean Straight NULL
Dirk Stringer NULL
Johnson White NULL
Akiko Yokomoto NULL
Abraham Bennet Algodata Infosystems
Cheryl Carson Algodata Infosystems(23 row(s) affected)不管是否与 publishers 表中的 city 列匹配,LEFT OUTER JOIN 均会在结果中包含 authors 表的所有行。注意:结果中所列的大多数作者都没有相匹配的数据,因此,这些行的 pub_name 列包含空值。
假设在 city 列上联接 authors 表和 publishers 表。结果只显示在出版商所在城市居住的作者(本例中为 Abraham Bennet 和 Cheryl Carson)。SQL-92 右向外联接运算符 RIGHT OUTER JOIN 指明:不管第一个表中是否有匹配的数据,结果将包含第二个表中的所有行。若要在结果中包括所有的出版商,而不管城市中是否还有出版商居住,请使用 SQL-92 右向外联接。下面是 Transact-SQL 右向外联接的查询和结果:USE pubs
SELECT a.au_fname, a.au_lname, p.pub_name
FROM authors AS a RIGHT OUTER JOIN publishers AS p
ON a.city = p.city
ORDER BY p.pub_name ASC, a.au_lname ASC, a.au_fname ASC下面是结果集:au_fname au_lname pub_name
-------------------- ------------------------ --------------------
Abraham Bennet Algodata Infosystems
Cheryl Carson Algodata Infosystems
NULL NULL Binnet & Hardley
NULL NULL Five Lakes Publishing
NULL NULL GGG&G
NULL NULL Lucerne Publishing
NULL NULL New Moon Books
NULL NULL Ramona Publishers
NULL NULL Scootney Books(9 row(s) affected)使用谓词(如将联接与常量比较)可以进一步限制外联接。下例包含相同的右向外联接,但消除销售量低于 50 本的书籍的书名:USE pubs
SELECT s.stor_id, s.qty, t.title
FROM sales s RIGHT OUTER JOIN titles t
ON s.title_id = t.title_id
AND s.qty > 50
ORDER BY s.stor_id ASC下面是结果集:stor_id qty title
------- ------ ---------------------------------------------------------
(null) (null) But Is It User Friendly?
(null) (null) Computer Phobic AND Non-Phobic Individuals: Behavior
Variations
(null) (null) Cooking with Computers: Surreptitious Balance Sheets
(null) (null) Emotional Security: A New Algorithm
(null) (null) Fifty Years in Buckingham Palace Kitchens
7066 75 Is Anger the Enemy?
(null) (null) Life Without Fear
(null) (null) Net Etiquette
(null) (null) Onions, Leeks, and Garlic: Cooking Secrets of the
Mediterranean
(null) (null) Prolonged Data Deprivation: Four Case Studies
(null) (null) Secrets of Silicon Valley
(null) (null) Silicon Valley Gastronomic Treats
(null) (null) Straight Talk About Computers
(null) (null) Sushi, Anyone?
(null) (null) The Busy Executive's Database Guide
(null) (null) The Gourmet Microwave
(null) (null) The Psychology of Computer Cooking
(null) (null) You Can Combat Computer Stress!
左连接
右连接
完全连接
我们用得最多的是第一种,楼上的朋友把区别已说得很详细,我想请问“用WITH代替”是什么意思?能举例吗?