use tool RMan
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http://chinaunix.net/jh/19/165758.html
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增量导出/导入增量导出是一种常用的数据备份方法,它只能对整个数据库来实施,并且必须作为SYSTEM来导出。在进行此种导出时,系统不要求回答任何问题。导出文件名缺省为export.dmp,如果不希望自己的输出文件定名为export.dmp,必须在命令行中指出要用的文件名。增量导出包括三个类型:(1)“完全”增量导出(Complete)即备份整个数据库,比如:$exp system/manager inctype=complete file=990702.dmp(2) “增量型”增量导出备份上一次备份后改变的数据。比如:$exp system/manager inctype=incremental file=990702.dmp(3) “累计型”增量导出(Cumulative)累计型导出方式只是导出自上次“完全” 导出之后数据库中变化了的信息。比如:$exp system/manager inctype=cumulative file=990702.dmp数据库管理员可以排定一个备份日程表,用数据导出的三个不同方式合理高效地完成。比如数据库的备份任务可作如下安排:星期一:完全导出(A)星期二:增量导出(B)星期三:增量导出(C)星期四:增量导出(D)星期五:累计导出(E)星期六:增量导出(F)星期日:增量导出(G)如果在星期日,数据库遭到意外破坏,数据库管理员可按以下步骤来恢复数据库:第一步:用命令CREATE DATABASE重新生成数据库结构;第二步:创建一个足够大的附加回段。第三步:完全增量导入A:$imp system./manager inctype= RECTORE FULL=Y FILE=A第四步:累计增量导入E:$imp system/manager inctype= RECTORE FULL=Y FILE =E第五步:最近增量导入F:$imp system/manager inctype=RESTORE FULL=Y FILE=F
你没有看清我的问题,问题是不能使用INCTYPE参数,这是关键!
RMAN也可以进行联机备份,而且备份与恢复方法将比OS备份更简单可靠。
1、连接数据库,创建测试表并插入记录
SQL*Plus: Release 8.1.6.0.0 - Production on Tue May 6 13:46:32 2003
(c) Copyright 1999 Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.
SQL> connect internal/password as sysdba;
Connected.SQL> create table test(a int) tablespace users;
Table created
SQL> insert into test values(1);
1 row inserted
SQL> commit;
Commit complete2、备份数据库表空间users
C:\>rman
Recovery Manager: Release 8.1.6.0.0 - Production
RMAN> connect rcvcat rman/rman@back
RMAN-06008: connected to recovery catalog database
RMAN> connect target internal/virpure
RMAN-06005: connected to target database: TEST (DBID=1788174720)RMAN> run{
2> allocate channel c1 type disk;
3> backup tag 'tsuser' format 'd:\backup\tsuser_%u_%s_%p'
4> tablespace users;
5> release channel c1;
6> }RMAN-03022: compiling command: allocate
RMAN-03023: executing command: allocate
RMAN-08030: allocated channel: c1
RMAN-08500: channel c1: sid=16 devtype=DISKRMAN-03022: compiling command: backup
RMAN-03025: performing implicit partial resync of recovery catalog
RMAN-03023: executing command: partial resync
RMAN-08003: starting partial resync of recovery catalog
RMAN-08005: partial resync complete
RMAN-03023: executing command: backup
RMAN-08008: channel c1: starting full datafile backupset
RMAN-08502: set_count=5 set_stamp=494177612 creation_time=16-MAY-03
RMAN-08010: channel c1: specifying datafile(s) in backupset
RMAN-08522: input datafile fno=00003 name=D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\USER01.DBF
RMAN-08013: channel c1: piece 1 created
RMAN-08503: piece handle=D:\BACKUP\TSUSER_05EN93AC_5_1 comment=NONE
RMAN-08525: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
RMAN-03023: executing command: partial resync
RMAN-08003: starting partial resync of recovery catalog
RMAN-08005: partial resync complete
RMAN-03022: compiling command: release
RMAN-03023: executing command: release
RMAN-08031: released channel: c1
RMAN>3、继续在测试表中插入记录
SQL> insert into test values(2);
1 row inserted
SQL> commit;
Commit complete
SQL> select * from test;
A
---------------------------------------
1
2
SQL> alter system switch logfile;
System altered.
SQL>r
1* alter system switch logfile;
System altered.4、关闭数据库,模拟丢失数据文件
SQL> shutdown immediate;
Database closed.
Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut downC:\>del D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\USER01.DBF5、启动数据库,检查错误
SQL> startup
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 102020364 bytes
Fixed Size 70924 bytes
Variable Size 85487616 bytes
Database Buffers 16384000 bytes
Redo Buffers 77824 bytes
Database mounted.
ORA-01157: cannot identify/lock data file 3 - see DBWR trace file
ORA-01110: data file 3: 'D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\USER01.DBF'6、先打开数据库
SQL> alter database datafile 3 offline drop;
Database altered.
SQL> alter database open;
Database altered.7、恢复该表空间
恢复脚本可以是恢复单个数据文件
run{
allocate channel c1 type disk;
restore datafile 3;
recover datafile 3;
sql 'alter database datafile 3 online';
release channel c1;
}
也可以是,恢复表空间
run{
allocate channel c1 type disk;
restore tablespace users;
recover tablespace users;
sql 'alter database datafile 3 online';
release channel c1;
}
过程如下:
C:\>rman
Recovery Manager: Release 8.1.6.0.0 - Production
RMAN> connect rcvcat rman/rman@back
RMAN-06008: connected to recovery catalog database
RMAN> connect target internal/virpure
RMAN-06005: connected to target database: TEST (DBID=1788174720)RMAN> run{
2> allocate channel c1 type disk;
3> restore datafile 3;
4> recover datafile 3;
5> sql 'alter database datafile 3 online';
6> release channel c1;
7> }RMAN-03022: compiling command: allocate
RMAN-03023: executing command: allocate
RMAN-08030: allocated channel: c1
RMAN-08500: channel c1: sid=13 devtype=DISK
RMAN-03022: compiling command: restore
RMAN-03022: compiling command: IRESTORE
RMAN-03023: executing command: IRESTORE
RMAN-08016: channel c1: starting datafile backupset restore
RMAN-08502: set_count=5 set_stamp=494177612 creation_time=16-MAY-03
RMAN-08089: channel c1: specifying datafile(s) to restore from backup set
RMAN-08523: restoring datafile 00003 to D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\USER01.DBF
RMAN-08023: channel c1: restored backup piece 1
RMAN-08511: piece handle=D:\BACKUP\TSUSER_05EN93AC_5_1 tag=TSUSER params=NULL
RMAN-08024: channel c1: restore complete
RMAN-03023: executing command: partial resync
RMAN-08003: starting partial resync of recovery catalog
RMAN-08005: partial resync complete
RMAN-03022: compiling command: recover
RMAN-03022: compiling command: recover(1)
RMAN-03022: compiling command: recover(2)
RMAN-03022: compiling command: recover(3)
RMAN-03023: executing command: recover(3)
RMAN-08054: starting media recovery
RMAN-03022: compiling command: recover(4)
RMAN-06050: archivelog thread 1 sequence 332 is already on disk as file D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00332.ARC
RMAN-06050: archivelog thread 1 sequence 333 is already on disk as file D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00333.ARC
RMAN-06050: archivelog thread 1 sequence 334 is already on disk as file D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00334.ARC
RMAN-03023: executing command: recover(4)
RMAN-08515: archivelog filename=D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00332.ARC thread=1 sequence=332
RMAN-08055: media recovery complete
RMAN-03022: compiling command: sql
RMAN-06162: sql statement: alter database datafile 3 online
RMAN-03023: executing command: sql
RMAN-03022: compiling command: release
RMAN-03023: executing command: release
RMAN-08031: released channel: c1
RMAN>8、检查数据是否完整
SQL> alter database open;
Database altered.SQL> select * from test;
A
---------------------------------------
1
2
说明:
1、RMAN也可以实现单个表空间或数据文件的恢复,恢复过程可以在mount下或open方式下,如果在open方式下恢复,可以减少down机时间
2、如果损坏的是一个数据文件,建议offline并在open方式下恢复
3、这里可以看到,RMAN进行数据文件与表空间恢复的时候,代码都比较简单,而且能保证备份与恢复的可靠性,所以建议采用RMAN的备份与恢复
RMAN> run{
2> allocate channel c1 type disk;
3> backup tag 'yiyao' format 'd:\backup\yiyao_%u_%s_%p'
4> tablespace yiyao;
5> release channel c1;
6> }提示错误:
未创建恢复目录
未创建恢复目录
你的BACKUP目录是否存在